Averse vs. Adverse

Averse vs. Adverse Averse vs. Adverse Averse vs. Adverse By Sharon It is easy to confuse adverse and averse but their meanings are totally different. Adverse means unfavorable, contrary or hostile, and can never be applied to humans. You often hear it used in the term adverse weather conditions, a phrase which is best avoided in favor of bad weather. Averse means unwilling or disinclined or loath and is always followed by the preposition to. It applies to a person and is used like this: He was averse to discussing the conference. Of course, it would be just as easy to say. He didnt want to discuss the conference. Overuse of both averse and adverse is likely to sound pompous. Its always better to keep it simple. The adjective aversion is much more common. Here are some quotations from the press to help you see those words being used it in context: But in fact, adolescents may be more risk-averse than adults, a new study has found. Their willingness to engage in risky behavior may have less to do with thrill-seeking per se than with a higher tolerance for uncertain consequences, researchers reported Monday. LA Times Many merger agreements contain provisions allowing buyers to withdraw from deals if the value of a transaction has been hurt by a significant development. In the case of the Verizon/Yahoo deal, such a change is defined as one that would â€Å"reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the business, assets, properties, results of operation or financial condition of the Business, taken as a whole.† WSJ Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to AvoidThe Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English Alphabet1,462 Basic Plot Types

How does Othellos character change over the course of the play Essay Example

How does Othellos character change over the course of the play Essay Example How does Othellos character change over the course of the play Paper How does Othellos character change over the course of the play Paper Othello changes the most drastically, from being an affectionate and respectful General, modifying into a violent, ruthless man. A. C Bradley quite rightly quotes If such a passion as jealousy seizes him, it will swell into a well-night incontrollable flood. This dormant emotion would inevitably be released in a fury of furious rage once Iago penetrated his delicate mind. From the start of the play the audience encounters a well-honest decent person, even being respectful to Brabantio Good seignior after he accuses him of stealing his white ewe. Throughout Othellos life, he has earned respect, climbing his way up the ranks, despite his skin tone, and expects respect back. Displaying his intense love for Desdemona, I won his daughter almost treating Love as a game, but, loving her deeply that when he kills her out of sheer anger, suicide is the only escape from a life without his love. As Iago works his magic scurvy and provoking terms against your honour, the seeds of jealousy has been growing, all it takes for Othello to tip over the edge is ideas, trickling over the course of the play, growing his jealously, and when the seeds have blossomed into a green monstrous mess of abstract thoughts, Othello will arise, black vengeance, from thy hollow cell! . Othello was written around 1603, racism was ripe, racism was accustomed and Othello knew this. Marrying a white woman and becoming a General was seen as bizarre for a Black man to accomplish. People would naturally become hostile, thick lips, and Othello would naturally be suspicious of his surroundings. Growing up in a white dominated society, maybe Othello felt some compassion to break away from the ideology that all Black people are inferior. So locked away in his mind he always knew he would be the outsider, his mind is like a dam, jealousy and resentment are blocked by the blockage of Love, once Iago has chipped away at this blockage Not to affect many proposed matches Of her own clime, complexion, and degree the whole structure begins to crumble. There are many racist remarks throughout the play, Moor being the most prominent. At the start Othello seems reluctant to address it, soft phrase of peace, Othello has done seven years pith. His time in battle has matured him into a well-spoken individual, My very noble and approved good masters, this shows the level of respect he has for others. In the beginning the audience become emotionally attached to Othello, hes confronted with racial prejudice by jealous individuals, and yet he confronts it gracefully. Roderigo is perturbed that Brabantio rejects any approval of him marrying his Daughter, and with Othello being with Desdemona It is silliness to live, when to live is torment, it further enhances his aggravation. Iagos jealousy and anger stems from Othellos judgments when choosing a lieutenant and the fact that he thinks Othello has cuckolded him. Both these disputes exist because of Othellos actions, but are confronted with racial hatred. Othello is constantly bombarded with racial slurs, which takes its toll towards the end. Othello realises, maybe, he isnt worthy of Desdemonas love and in effect causes him to become confused and dazed. Desdemona had become a victim of Othellos downfall, jealousy. Othello already had some suspicions concerning Desdemona due to their different racial background. He is torn between his love and Honest Iago. He yearns for affection and when this affection is troubled he begins to question his relationship with Desdemona, Act 3 Scene 3 is when his troubled mind begins to emerge If she be false, O then heaven mocks itself; Ill not believe it. He desperately needs Desdemonas love but the very thought of deception grows like a disease in his mind. When we first encounter Othello he freely expresses his emotions, I love the gentle Desdemona, showing no regard for the racial prejudice that exists. He has reached the highest peak in his life, marrying Desdemona. Hes not a troubled man, he doesnt expect trouble to plague him. In effect hes a simple man, only doing what is required of him. The trust and respect he has accumulated keeps him afloat My services which I have done the signiory Shall out-tongue his complaints, the virtues in Othello have become a pleasing factor resulting in equal respect being shown back to him, apart from the isolated references to Othellos colour. The term Ignorance is bliss comes to mind when thinking of Othello, up until Act 3 Scene 3 Othello hasnt been bombarded with Iagos scheming ways, and so, has no reason to be questioning his love, but the thoughts were never implanted by Iago, but were rather dormant, always in Othellos mind but never triggered, until Iago started to tap at this unforgotten idea, breaking the shackles that once tamed this beast. Once its been released, it starts to consume his mind, bit by bit. When Cassio left my wife. What didst not like? From this point Othello becomes a victim of Iagos mind games and due to Othello being too trustworthy to Iago always referring Iago to Honest Iago the bond he shares with him is almost unbreakable. This cocktail of emotions in Othello becomes too unbearable, the trust of Iago, with the Love of Desdemona becomes a juggling act, and with the added emotion of Jealousy it all becomes too much for Othello. Iagos plan is now in full effect and Othellos transformation begins both physically and mentally, as he develops a headache from the overwhelming knowledge being outlined to him I have a pain upon my forehead here. The information hes just been told is so damaging that it even has a physical effect on him, desperately trying to fight back his emotions from Desdemona. At this point Iago just serves as a catalyst, speeding up the process of decay off Othellos mind. Feeding lies to Othello, the change becomes ever more unbearable for him One of this kind is Cassio, In sleep I heard him say, Sweet Desdemona' In such a short amount of time, from professing his Love for Desdemona, even going so far as to say When I love thee not, Chaos is come again which Othello is professing that if he stops loving Desdemona then Chaos would rid the world, which is a bold statement to make, where the audience thinks nothing could stop this man from loving Desdemona. But within the same scene, the very same person who claimed that Chaos would come if his love stopped quotes Ill tear her all to pieces! This shows the power and influence Iago has over Othello; he can change him drastically without much effort or evidence and the change is permanent Your mind perhaps may change Never, Iago, the manipulation was all too easy for Iago, and now he has accomplished what he intended which was to become lieutenant Now art thou my lieutenant. Now Iago retreats back into the shadows only to watch how Othello shatters his jelly-like, unstable mind. Over the course of the remaining play Othello sees no recovery from this, hes fixated on Desdemonas cheating ways and the pure innocent Desdemona has no idea why Othello is acting differently, only adding fuel to the fire when Othello asks for the handkerchief, but Desdemona trying to change the topic to Cassios reinstatement, it only infuriates Othello further as Cassio is the reason of his suffering and with Desdemona talking about him it gives him more reason to hate, Zounds and storms off. Further acts of physical occurances begin to plague Othello once more, with him falling into a trance, it evidently shows the sheer amount of jealousy that has overtaken his life. He loathes Desdemona but needs her love. This battle of the mind becomes unhealthy for him, Ist possible? Confess? Handerkerchief? O devil! Even the way Othello speaks has changed, usually speaking in verse, now his speech mimics his anger. Othello has almost taken on the role off Iago, scheming behind Desdemonas back, plotting against her, the same Jealousy that consumed Iago has taken over Othello, in a more aggressive fashion. Intense love delves into intense hate. How shall I murder him, Iago? Othello, you could say, is under the spell of Iago, he listens to him in every instance, as the audience reading this, it becomes shocking at how far Othello has changed, at the start of the play Othello, judging by his kindness to others, it would seem as he would never kill outside of battle. Now hes becoming just as devious as Iago. Which leads to the inevitable death of the last women he will love. Othellos character is a victim of foul-play. From being a courteous person to a rampaging ram. Othello is the perfect example of what deceit and lies can do to one without a mentally strong mind, his intense love for Desdemona is so deep that he cant fathom a life without a perfect relationship with her, one little idea and it destroys him, he thinks because of his race he may not be worthy of her, so tries desperately to cling onto to the one thing he treasures most. But insecurities in himself become his ultimate downfall. Of one not easily jealous but, being wrought.

Constitutional Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Constitutional Law - Essay Example The juvenile was sent by his father to live with the paternal grandparents in South Carolina. The hospitals in the state did not have any Paxil, so they opted for an alternative drug, Zoloft. Zoloft is also an antidepressant. The accused experienced extreme side effects as a result of drug substitution. In addition, the doctors decided to double the dosage in an effort to reduce the side effects (State v Pittman). On the day he committed the offense, the defendant was punished by his grandfather. He resented the punishment and took the decision to kill both grandparents. He used their shotgun to kill. He shot them and burnt the house using candles and paper. He consequently stole the family dog, $33 and left the house in his grandparents’ car. The trial court also heard that he was apprehended some counties away from the scene of the crime and claimed that the death of his grandparents was a result of burglary. The defendant attorneys argued that the accused ought not to have been tried as an adult due to health and mental issues. The defense attorneys argued that the Pittman was under duress from a mental condition. The claim is grounded on the fact that prior to the crime, the convict had a depression problem. Pittman was under antidepressant drugs at the time he committed the crime. South Carolina state law does not have an age limit that differentiates a juvenile trial and an adult trial. The trial court in South Carolina determined that the defendant could be tried as an adult. The prosecution showed that it was indeed the defendant that committed the crime using a shotgun. The court also heard the happenings prior to the attack and after the attack. The prosecutor proved that the offense was carefully choreographed, thus warranting an adult trial. However, the defense team is adamant that although Pittman committed the crime, he was a juvenile under depression. The accused was also under new medication that negatively impacted on his mental

Business in china and korea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business in china and korea - Essay Example The conflicts with North Korea prevented South Korea from concentrating more in economic sector. In short, doing business in a country depend on many internal and external parameters. This paper briefly analyses the business prospects in Chin and Korea. Mao Zedong was succeeded in implementing a cultural revolution in China through the October revolution. But it is difficult to recognize Mao as the architect of modern China. Deng the visionary leader followed by Mao was the architect of modern China. Mao was more adamant in the implementation of the tight communist principles whereas Deng has given the communist principles more liberal look and a human face. Mao was more focussed on ideological warfare and class struggle whereas Deng shifted his attention towards the practicability of communist principle in economic progress. Lieberthal (2003) has mentioned that the political considerations in Beijing dictated the pace and thrust of the reform process throughout the 1980’s (Lieberthal, 2003, p.123). Mao failed to recognize that the biggest population of China need more practical solutions than the one mentioned in the communist manifesto. On the other hand, Deng realized that for China like a heavily populated country, princ iples on papers may not help and practical solutions were required. Gittings, (2005) has mentioned that political reformation process undertaken by Deng was the result of his realization that the economic reforms would be ineffective unless the party could also be reformed (Gittings, 2005, p.173). Politics were dictating the Chinese administration before Deng and it was difficult for the business people to start a private business in China before the Deng administration. Deng has realized that the government alone may not be able to tackle China’s problems and the cooperation of the private capital is essential for the

Motivational strategy to an existing lesson plan Research Paper

Motivational strategy to an existing lesson plan - Research Paper Example Therefore, for learning to be effective, teachers do requires strategies and should frequently modify them while also adding new ones to the existing strategies. Hence, the purpose of this document is to examine the effect of new instructional and motivational strategy to an existing lesson plan on human brain.Lesson Plan: Effect of new instructional and motivational strategy to an existing lesson plan on human brain.Lesson 1: The BrainTeaching time: 1 hourTopic outline Teaching and Homework activities Teaching Strategies Points to not Learning objectives: To state the function of the cerebral cortex.To discuss ways scientists can map different brain’s regions to particular functions. Opportunity for practical work: carry brain models to class and let students explore the brain.  Ã‚  Notably, the brain models have a lot of information thus the teacher should help students to find areas of the brain that control specific functions.  Summarise at the end of lesson that stude nts only need to note that the cerebral cortex is a brain part that is mostly concerned with memory, intelligence, language and consciousness.Assignment: students to discuss different techniques that can be used to map functions of a brain’s different areas. Instructional strategyAfter Learning: Summarizing and note takingMotivational StrategyAfter Learning: Intrinsic motivation strategy Specification points: Students should recall that cerebral cortex is a part of our brain that is mainly concerned with memory and consciousness.

The Benefits Of A Multi Sensory Approach

The Benefits Of A Multi Sensory Approach R. Q. 3: What will be the views of the three teachers with respect to the practicality or continued use of the multi-sensory approach based on the results of the test scores after the completion of this study? Teachers views on the benefits of a multi-sensory Approach to that of a traditional Approach. The researcher first starts with the perspectives of the three teachers who states that by tapping into the different senses, educators can create a more concrete and complete learning experience for all learners. Teaching learning concepts using two or more of modalities or learning styles at the same time, means that teachers are delivering a multisensory approach to all students in their classrooms. It is the observation of these teachers that as educators some of us may think or feel that multisensory methods or approaches are only useful for students with special needs, however, research has shown that almost all students and teachers can gain great benefits from a multisensory approach in the teaching and learning process. Whats more is that research has also shown that once teachers are using a multisensory approach to learning they are ensuring and addressing all learning styles and needs of their students. Thus one can be sure that every student in his or her classroom is specifically catered for or to. It is also the view of both the researcher and teachers in this study that all students benefit from a multisensory approach to learning, not just special education students. Every child processes information differently, and this teaching method allows for each child to use a variety of their senses to understand and process information. The three Teachers also stated that by providing classroom activities that utilize various senses, they have notice that their students learning attention increases which makes and caters for an optimal learning environment. Research shows that by using varying teaching strategies teachers can address all sensory preference and increases learning regardless of the individual students primary preference (Thomas, Cox Kojima, 2000). Another research also shows that by using multisensory strategies, teachers can engage and sustain the attention of all students. By employing a variety of strategies the teacher may address the mixed efficiencies of those students as well as the dominant and secondary preferences of others. Thus, they reinforce strong preferences and strengthen weaker ones (Silver et al., 2000;Haggart 2003). Key benefits of the multisensory approach are noted by the three teachers and researcher: Increased learner engagement Generating a greater capacity for learning Encouraging a greater knowledge transfer Improved attitudes towards learning Greater student achievement One of the teachers in this study said to me during the interview and I quote I had a great feeling of relief when I began to understand that a youngster (student) needs more than just subject matter. Oh, I know mathematics well and I teach it well. I used to think that was all I needed to do. Now I teach the students, not math. The researcher notes that as teachers, we should know that students learn differently. Some prefer to learn by doing. Others like to watch a demonstration of what they need to do. Some wants to listen to what is expected. Most students appreciate a combination of methods: a little bit of doing it, a little bit of seeing it and a little bit of hearing it. When teachers teach using a combination of methods that appeal to different learning styles (Kinesthetic, tactual, auditory and visual) they are using a multisensory approach which benefits all students involved by equipping them with different learning styles and catering to their development needs. Effective teachers make a conscious effort to design instruction that incorporates a broad variety of learning preferences beyond their own (Doolan Honigfeld, 2000; Sadler-Smith Smith, 2004) Varying teaching strategies to address all sensory preferences increases learning, regardless of the individual students primary preference (Thomas, Cox, Kojima, 2000)Using multisensory strategies, teachers can engage and sustain the attention of all students. However, it is important to note that like most students remember 20% of what we read, 30% of what we hear, 40% 0f what we see, 50% of what we say, 60% of what we do and 90% of what we see, hear, say and do. Therefore, it is not always possible to provide all four elements but it would be useful to audit teaching approaches and consider how many elements are present all three teachers noted. Maria Montessori was the pioneered of this approach (multisensory approach) in the early twentieth century with young children, who naturally learn by seeing, hearing, touching/feeling, tasting, and smelling. The researcher and teachers feel that multisensory teaching is effective and useful at any age. However, age-appropriate resources for secondary students and adult learners have been almost impossible to source. Until now. We really do believe that multisensory teaching techniques coupled with the use of Axis Hands On resources offers all students a Better Ways to Learn. In concluding, the researcher and teachers have also noted that more recent research has shown that the more senses (multisensory approach) we incorporate into the learning process the more efficient learning becomes for all types of learners. Rhonda Farkus (2003, The Journal of Educational Research, Vol 97, No. 1) states, The power of evidence supporting the benefits of (multisensory approach) learning-style methodology is compelling. Teachers have also noted that achievement test scores of students taught using their preferred modalities in this study are statistically higher (multisensory approach) than of students who were not taught using their favored learning modalities (traditional approach). Moreover, when students are taught with multi-sensory approach instructional resources, (although initially through their most preferred modality), scores further increased. Therefore, teachers in this study have also observer that a multi-sensory approach is a powerful tool for reinforcing language Arts teaching in three important ways. First, it helps get the information across. Second, it helps the students process the information. And, third, it helps students more easily retrieve information already learned. Using a variety of senses simply opens up more doorways into the brain. Teachers views on the challenges of Multisensory Approaches As educators we spend a great deal of our time thinking, talking, and learning about how to best teach our students essential spelling, writing and reading skills. You can be sure the conversation between two or more educators will eventually include the topics of learning styles, multi-sensory teaching, hands-on activities and even traditional approaches. Unfortunately, confusion (and sometimes conflict) can occur when these terms are used because they have multiple and overlapping definitions. The main problem teachers may encounter is that there are too many meanings in common use for the term learning style. The original use of this term refers to the sensory pathway or modality through which students find it easiest to learn. There are four generally recognized sensory modalities: visual (sight); auditory (hearing); tactile (touch); and kinesthetic (movement). It is the belief of all three teachers interviewed that it is very vital for teachers to understand that different learning style encompasses a much broader look at how our students approaches learning situations and tasks and this must often include a complete profile of how our students functions as a learner. In addition to preferred modality, some of the areas profiled must be optimal learning environment (such as best time of day, lighting, temperature and noise level), how his/her personality effects his motivation (such as the need for or avoidance of competition), his/her natural areas of competencies or i ntelligence and so on. The teachers who are part of this study feels that by tracing a word with the tip of ones (students) fingers or feeling the shape of the word is vital to helping the tactile learner master his/her writing, reading skills and spelling words. In this regard, adding pleasant textures or sensations creates a stronger neural impression of the words. Thus in the past, (a traditional approach) tactile and kinesthetic learners were often lumped together. However, some of the most current research on how the brain functions shows that two distinct and separate areas of the brain are responsible for storing these two types of sensory input. The researcher strongly believes that armed with such information listed above, it may be tempting to assume that teachers should determine their students favored learning mode and then teach him/her accordingly. This would be a mistake. Teaching using only one learning modality (traditional approach) could result in the neglect of important reading, writing and spelling skills. Proofreading is an example of an essential reading, spelling and writing skill that is primarily visual. It is a skill that does not come naturally to a non-visual learner. It is the teachers view in this study that is for students to become competent and excellent proofreader, we as teachers must help them to develop excellent visual discrimination skills (multisensory approach). Students must be taught to look at the whole word in isolation, with special attention to its shape or the outline of the word. He/she must also look carefully at the word syllable by syllable to see if there are any peculiar combin ations of letters, unexpected spellings or any silent letters used to spell the word. Finally, students must be given a systematic approach to proofreading his own and others writing. It is therefore, the researchers and teachers view in this study that the use of a multisensory approach and not a traditional approach will best assist and develop our students early and latent language Arts abilities which will prepare them adequately for life and the future. The teachers in this study also feel that our students dominant learning modality may also have developmental implications if not deal with in a holistic way more so in a multisensory approach. For example, very young children are known to learn mainly through auditory modalities; early school-aged students (kindergarteners) tend to use more kinesthetic and concrete avenues; and as a student nears adolescence, they tends to rely more and more on the abstract and analytical reasoning along with their visual recall. Skills taught using only one learning modality ( as that in the traditional approach)may need to be retaught using another modality as students enters each new developmental level and begins to depend more on other learning modality (multisensory approach) to store and retrieve information. Teaching using (a multisensory approach) allows for multiple learning modalities which in turn eliminate inefficiency. For this reason a multisensory approach and not a traditional appro ach is the best technique and strategy for teaching phonic and the alphabet awareness skills to kindergarten students. Therefore it is this researchers view that research has consistently shown that use of a multisensory approach to the teaching and learning processes are critical for all students and students more peculiar those who have moderate to severe learning disabilities. In the mid-1920s, Dr. Samuel T. Orton and his colleagues Anna Gillingham and Bessie Stillman, first began using multi-sensory approaches with his dyslexic students. Orton was influenced by Grace Fernald and Helen Kellers descriptions of the kinesthetic methods used by Dr. Maria Montessori at the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition at San Francisco. Orton correctly theorized that Montessoris use of kinesthetic reinforcement of visual and auditory associations would correct the tendency to reverse letters and transpose the sequence of letters his dyslexic students made while reading and writing. Their programme, which includes multi-sensory learning as well as other important concepts, is commonly called the Orton-Gillingham approa ch. Teachers view on the actual implementation of Multisensory approach. In light of the positive results that this programme had produced in terms of students alphabet and phonemic awareness skills when taught using a multisensory approach in comparison to a non-multisensory approach. As a result all three teachers expressed their interest in continuing the use of the Multisensory Approach. Summary The focus of this chapter was the presentation of data collected in this study. The quantitative, qualitative and quasi-experimental data were present using narratives, graphs tables and charts. The data revealed that the reactions to a multisensory approach from both students and teachers were generally positive.

Government Should Establish Program To Reduce Juvenile Crime :: essays research papers

Government Should Establish Program To Reduce Juvenile Crime   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Juvenile crime is increasing rapidly and is a problem that plagues America. The murder rate by 18 year olds has increased 467% since 1965! The current policy maintained for the last number of decades is clearly not effective. An increase of 207% in the number of murder cases committed by 15 year olds from 1985 to 1993 is not a sign that current policy is effective. Changes must be made. The best way to address the problem is through government funded preventative programs. The affirmative intends to prove, and stands resolved, that the federal government should establish a program to substantially reduce juvenile crime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This, by definition, means that the federal government would benefit the country by taking action and making government programs that will decrease the number of crimes committed by minors. Contention I: The status quo is only harming the people of the united states by remaining. Subpoint A: It has become clear that the state and local governments have failed in correcting the nation wide epidemic of juvenile crime, since juvenile crime rates are rising so rapidly. Subpoint 1:An example of an ineffective state plan is that many states are attempting to incarcerate juveniles along with adults. Putting juvenile offenders in with adults increases their chances offending again when they are released by 65%. Subpoint 2: SHOCAP, a local crime reduction plan, was shut down because it was ineffective. Subpoint B: Local plans are too diverse and lack uniformity. Subpoint 1: A plan that can lift up the entire country are far superior to those that can only effect small parts.. Iowa may indeed have smaller problems than New York but Juvenile crime exists everywhere. Subpoint 2:In the hands of the federal government, a more effective, tax worthy and moral shaping plan can be spread throughout the entire united states and benefit the country as a whole. Utilizing this information from the faults and few successes of the states, will help correctly fund and perfect an active plan which will indeed begin to substantially reduce juvenile crime, before it happens...through the methods of prevention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The plan that we the affirmative propose is one that institutes a combination of different preventative programs which the federal government will entirely set up, fund, and work with these community efforts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plank I: This preventative program will be funded through the organization of juvenile justice and delinquency prevention program, a federal agency which consists of 17 separate groups involved in delinquency prevention. They are equipped with 144 million dollars with which they can assist the communities to create these life saving programs.

Prescription Drug Abuse Essay

Millions of people throughout the world are taking drugs on a daily basis. If you were to ask someone why they take prescription drugs, most people would be taking them for the right reason. However, it’s estimated that twenty percent of people in the United States alone have used prescription drugs for non-medical reasons.1 Prescription drug abuse is a serious and growing problem that often goes unnoticed. Abusing these drugs can often lead to addiction and even death. You can develop an addiction to certain drugs that may include: narcotic painkillers, sedatives, tranquilizers, and stimulants. Prescription drugs are the most common abused category of drugs, right next to marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and other dangerous drugs. The centers for Disease Control and Prevention have classified prescription drug abuse as an epidemic. Addressing the prescription drug abuse epidemic could help build stronger communities and allow those with substance abuse disorders to lead healthier, more satisfying lives. A crucial step in overcoming the problem of prescription drug abuse is to first educate parents, youth, and patients, about the dangers of abusing these drugs. Studies have shown that most people who misuse these drugs are teens and young adults ages twelve to twenty five. They may often believe these substances are safer than illicit drugs because they were prescribed by a professional. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health shows that nearly a third of people age twelve and over used drugs for the first time by using a prescription drug non-medically. In a study of students in Wisconsin and Minnesota, thirty four percent of kids diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) said they had been approached to sell or trade their Ritalin or Adderall. The latest National Survey on Drug Use and Health shows that over seventy percent of people who abused prescription pain relievers got them from friends or relatives. Most people do not lock up their medication or discard them when they no longer intend on using them. This makes them vulnerable to theft or misuse. According to the 2012 Monitoring the Future Survey, about fifty percent of high school seniors said that opioid drugs, other than heroin (e.g., Vicodin), would be fairly easy to obtain. Interestingly, boys and girls tend to misuse these drugs for different reasons. For example, boys are more likely to abuse stimulants  to get high. Girls tend to abuse them to lose weight. Those who abuse prescription medications are more likely to report use of other drugs unl ess this issue is taken into control. Many different things can happen when you abuse prescription drugs. Stimulant abuse can cause paranoia, dangerously high body temperatures, and irregular heartbeat. Abuse of opioids can cause drowsiness, nausea, constipation, and slowed breathing. Abusing depressants can cause slurred speech, shallow breathing, fatigue, disorientation, lack of coordination, and seizures. Abusing over the counter drugs can impair motor functions, produce numbness, cause nausea and vomiting, and increase heart rate.4 Doctors consider the risks to each patient before prescribing medications. They take into account things like the patient’s age, weight, medical history, the drugs form, dose, possible side effects, and the potential for addiction. People abusing drugs might not understand how these factors interact and can put them at risk. Someone abusing a certain type of medication may overload their system or make themselves vulnerable to dangerous drug interactions that can cause seizures, coma, or even death. In 2000, about forty three percent of hospital emergency admissions for drug overdose happened because of misused prescription drugs. They are designed to treat a particular illness or condition, but they often have other side effects on the body. For example, stimulants such as Adderall increase attention but also raise blood pressure and heart rate. Th ese side effects can be worse when prescriptions are not taken as prescribed, or are abused in combination with other substances. For instance, some people mix alcohol and Valium, both of which can slow breathing. The combination of the two could stop breathing altogether. Cough and cold medications are some of the most commonly abused over the counter medications. They contain an ingredient called dextromethorphan. However, to get to the â€Å"high† craved by people who use drugs, large quantities are needed. At high doses, dextromethorphan causes side effects similar to those of the drugs Ketamine, or PCP, by affecting similar sites to the brain. Ketamine and PCP are considered â€Å"dissociative† drugs, which make people feel disconnected from their normal selves. When taken as directed, over the counter drugs are safe and effective, but high doses can cause problems. It’s always important to read the bottle labels and take over the counter medications only as directed. Not all prescription drugs have the potential for abuse and  addiction. Many drugs don’t even act in the brain. For example, antibiotics are not addictive. On the rare occasion people who take drugs for medical conditions may become addicted. This is why it is extremely important to be under a doctor’s care while taking prescription medication. Most prescription drugs are taken in a form th at gets to the brain slowly at a dose that treats a problem, but doesn’t overwhelm the system. Both of which reduce the likelihood of an addiction. Long-term medical use of prescription drugs can lead to physical dependence, because the brain and the body naturally adapt to chronic drug exposure. A person may need larger doses of the drug to achieve the same initial effects, which is known as tolerance. When drug use is stopped, withdrawal symptoms can occur. Dependence is not the same as addiction. It is one of the many reasons a person should only take and stop taking prescription drugs under a physician’s care. The risks for addiction increase when drugs are used in ways other than prescribed. Physicians, their patients, and pharmacists all play a role in identifying and preventing prescription drug abuse. More than eighty percent of Americans had contact with a healthcare professional in the past year, placing doctors in a position not only to prescribe medications, but also to identify abuse. By asking about all drugs, physicians can help their patients recognize that a problem exists, set recovery goals, and seek appropriate treatment. Screening for prescription drug abuse can also be incorporated into routine medical visits. Doctors should take note of rapid inc reases in the amount of medication needed and unscheduled refill requests. Patients can also take steps to ensure that they use prescription drugs appropriately. These steps include always following the drugs directions, being aware of potential interactions with other drugs, never stop or change a dosing regimen without first discussing it with a healthcare provider, and never use another person’s prescription. Patients should always inform their healthcare professionals about all prescriptions, over the counter medications, and dietary or herbal supplements they are taking before they obtain any other medication. Pharmacists also play a very important role in preventing drug abuse. Pharmacists dispense medications and can help patients understand the directions for taking them. By being watchful for prescription falsifications or alterations, pharmacists can serve as the first line of defense in recognizing  prescription drug abuse. Some pharmacies have developed hotlines to alert other pharmacies in the region when a fraudulent prescription is detected. Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) require physicians and pharmacists to log each filled prescription into a State database. This can assist medical professionals in identifying patients who are getting prescriptions from multiple sources. Because prescription drugs are legal, they are easily accessible. Parents, law enforcement, the medical community, and all levels of government have a role to play in reducing prescription drug abuse. Some things you can do to reduce the abuse of drugs may include: Follow disposal guidelines, talk to your children, and seek treatment or support individuals in recovery. By following the guidelines you reduce the risk of unintentional diversion or harm. Talking to your children at an early age can make sure they know the dangers of drug abuse and can be very helpful in prevention. It is always very important to encourage someone you may know with a drug abuse problem to seek recovery. Thousands of individuals who have struggled with addiction are now living happy lives with the help of treatment and recovery services.2 In conclusion, prescription drug abuse is a growing problem that can be overcome with prevention and the right treatment. References 1. Prescription Drug Abuse. Medline Plus. Available at: www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prescriptiondrugabuse.html Accessed 9/20/2013 2. Prescription Drug Abuse. Office of National Drug Control Policy. Available at: www.whitehouse.gov/andcp/prescription-drug-abuse Accessed 9/20/2013 3. Prescription Drug Abuse and Addiction. CRC Health Group. Available at: www.crchealth.com/addiction/prescription-drug-addictions-2/ Accessed 9/20/2013 4. Drug Facts-Prescription Drugs. NIDA For Teens. The Science behind Drug Abuse. Available at: www.teens.drugabuse.gov/drug-facts/prescription-drugs Accessed 9/20/2013 5. Prescription Drugs: Abuse and Addiction. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Available at: www.drugabuse.gov/publications/prescription-drugs-abuse-addiction/preventing-recognizing-prescription-drug-abuse Accessed 9/20/2013 6. The Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic. PDMP Center of Excellence. Available at: www.pdmpexcellence.org/drug-abuse-epidemic Accessed 9/20/2013

CHARLES BAXTER

CHARLES BAXTER Charles Baxter Authors often write differently in novels then in short stories. This isn't always the case but most times it is. Charles Baxter writes pretty much the same way in his novel's as he does in his short stories. In all of Baxter's stories, there is always an element of realistic features. There's always something you think could happen to you. Baxter takes real life events but always adds a little twist to plot to intrigue the reader. He is known across America for doing this. His stories are very simple to read and there is never a lot going on but I guess that means that his work are meant for everybody to read. For this essay I plan to compare his novel's and his short stories in different elements. I will explain hoe most of his characters are very similar to each other. I will continue to compare his novels and short stories by comparing the many different plots he uses.Baxter Being Brave

Lawrence Sports, Capital Management Analysis and Methodology Overhaul

Lawrence Sports, Capital Management Analysis and Methodology Overhaul Free Online Research Papers Liquidity must become a primary focus for any business hoping to create sustainable growth. Lawrence Sports, a fictional company, is presently in need of capital management analysis and methodology overhaul. Included in this paper is a discussion of the issues, opportunities, values and solutions that the firm should be considering. The 9 step problem solution model is the format used to take the reader through critical identification, evaluation and implementation of elements that will transform a problem into new growth opportunity. Lawrence Sports is a $20 million dollar revenue company that assembles and distributes sporting goods. The focus of the scenario is to provide the opportunity for the student to develop solutions to trade off issues, thus establishing stability for the firm. Mayo, who is a retailer responsible for 95% of sales, is hindering Lawrence from paying raw materials suppliers. Unfortunately, this cash positioning problem is direct result of the Lawrence credit policy and the Mayo request to delay payment until the week of April 14-20. Borrowing money to deal with supplier payables is not an option, due to the $1.2 million dollar maximized bank limit. Therefore, this paper will strategize from the perspective of a financial manager who will turn a working capital problem into the chance to design a new credit policy, implement cash management models and introduce risk mitigation techniques. A credit policy that is too liberal will continue to cause damage to Lawrence Sports. Presently both receivables and payables are unsynchronized, which is putting undue financial distress on the firm, as well threatening supplier relationships that have helped build the company. Considering the dominant sales role that Mayo plays in the supply chain, Lawrence will have to be very careful in pressuring the payment of receivables. The terms of a new credit policy will be further discussed later in the paper. Usually a firm will extend credit if the choice to do so is at lower cost; however, Lawrence is not in a bargaining position. â€Å"In general, a firm will extend trade credit if it has a comparative advantage in doing so† (Ross et al., 2005). Issues and Opportunities Lawrence does not have leverage to build the business due to unpredictable cash flows. Though this situation is limiting growth, redefining the cash management strategy will open new opportunities within the current supply chain system. Focusing on realistic inventory turnover that creates a positive cash balance will shift the failing policies towards a fresh perspective. This will only happen as a result of new financial planning linked to targeted goal. â€Å"Most financial managers regard a planned cash balance of zero as driving too close to the edge of a cliff. They establish a minimum operating cash balance to absorb unexpected cash inflows and outflows† (Brealey et al., 2005) Instead of the present unpredictable receivables turnover, the new credit policy will allow the basis to calculate a minimum cash balance to increase liquidity. Additionally, previous survival trade off decisions will fade as carrying costs and shortage costs become the opportunity costs of foreg one investments and having enough cash to invest in securities holdings. Another issue that Lawrence Sports is dealing with is the over reliance on Mayo to complete 95% of sales. Allowing Mayo to stretch payments creates a problem for the vendors, thus de-stabilizing the supply chain. Therefore, this paper will discuss the possibility of outsourcing raw materials. If this becomes an alternative, International currency fluctuations will have an effect on earnings and will have to be prepared for. The Lawrence outsourcing team will have to monitor the exposure co-efficient and decompose the dollar variability to optimize cost advantages. Stakeholders Perspectives Stakeholders are essential to the life of any organization. Without a clear understanding of the key entities/people affected by processes, the strategic goal will not be aligned. Suppliers, retailer and the employees are the primary stakeholders for the Lawrence scenario. Murray and Gartner supplied the materials for manufacturing and sales to take place, which surfaces ethical dilemmas. These vendors need to become a priority in order for sporting goods to continue to reach the consumer. A supply chain will function only when active parties are sufficiently compensated for work completed. If Lawrence Sports does not establish a new credit policy with Mayo, the outsourcing option may be necessary to meet future payables restrictions. Selling the receivables to a collection firm is also a way to liquidate current receivables. The employees at all points of the supply chain are also affected by the lack of cash flow control. The new strategic plan should be designed by Lawrence, and respectfully communicated to encourage commitment orientation and boost morale. This will potentially affect both the vendors and Mayo by establishing a leadership role in the supply chain. Problem Statement The Lawrence Sports cash positioning problem exists because of an out of control credit policy. Liquidity problems will continue to challenge the firm unless strategy/efficiency becomes the goal. Though Mayo is a global retailer, Lawrence Sports must professionally communicate credit guidelines. Additionally, as Ann Wu (director, vendor relationships) believes, one or more of the vendors will experience financial distress if Lawrence delays payments. Currently, Lawrence lacks the needed systemic capital management structuring to deal with the uncertain cash flows. The postponement of the $1,360 million dollar invoice payment may ensure a substantial order for the week of April 21-27; however, Lawrence may be without a vendor for finished leather products. The trade off decisions that the company must make does not create the opportunity for growth. Accordingly, the firm will have to take control of any future supplier payment uncertainty, while also addressing potential raw materials variability. Using the course simulation as a means for trial and error examples produced an interesting predicament. Attempting immediately to improve the working capital position, by pressuring Mayo to pay, upset the retailer. Unfortunately, the choice to collect the outstanding receivables affected the sales for the week of April 21-27. This was the expected reaction considering the lack of preparation and agreement. Not having a predetermined contract had an adverse affect on sales, and jeopardized the vendor relationship that Lawrence relies on. End State Vision â€Å"Value creation depends on cash flows† (Ross et al., 2005) A new cash positioning will exist for Lawrence Sports when receipts and disbursements create positive net working capital, supported by a sustainable infrastructure of processes. Following the new cash yielding trade off decisions, the company should start experiencing growth opportunities. Additionally, awareness of necessary balance between choices regarding profit margin vs. turnover, and tax subsidies vs. financial distress will define the firm’s direction. Once these concepts are of frequent discussion within management, positive net working capital may be turn to a reality. Lawrence has developed into a $20 million dollar revenues company, however, must over-come the unsynchronized cash flow problem. Unfortunately, the Mayo sales have not happened in time to pay the vendors for raw materials. Therefore, the excessive pressure to close the cash flow gap will breathe new life into the firm. Taking advantage of this opportunity will allow Lawrence to become the internally financed entity that the owners hope it to be. â€Å"Profitable firms generate cash internally, implying less need for outside financing†¦the greater the cash flow of more profitable firms creates greater debt capacity† (Ross et al., 2005). Though it may seem that Lawrence is in a difficult situation that could potentially threaten future sales, the implementation plan will establish the correct direction. The external financing limitation is a blessing in disguise by forcing better policies. Following the transition into more synchronized cash flows, the firm will find bills paid and net working capital. Successful companies eventually learn that organizations must have survival strategies built into the system. This is the focus of the next section of this paper. To link policies, and processes with value creation. Alternative Solutions Primary alternatives for Lawrence Sports are based on significant company benchmarking that provide approaches to develop a programmed solution. Dell Computers, Honeywell and Coca-Cola are three firms that sustain relative competitive advantage in their respective industries. Decisions for Lawrence alternatives included analysis of the annual reports, which yielded valuable lessons on how to transform a financially challenged organization. Dell Computers has found a way to balance cash flow and create net working capital. In 2008 the company reported $9.2 billion dollars in cash and cash equivalents. Dell has consistently held a cash balance by communicating directly with the customer, reducing inventory risk and maintaining a conservative credit policy. â€Å"We use cash generated by operations as our primary source of liquidity and believe that internally generated cash flows are sufficient to support business operations† (Dell Annual Report, Financing Receivables). Lower level trades off decisions are challenging Lawrence Sports. For Dell, higher level decisions for carrying costs and shortage costs include net working capital decisions such as optimizing investment alternatives. This was accomplished by ensuring that receivables are collected before issuing disbursements. If Lawrence adopts this policy, the firm will be able to use the cash from operations as the source of liquidity. Improving the perception of how to accomplish this type of financial growth is necessary. The company will either choose to struggle with receipts/disbursements or take control of the trade credit policy. Another choice of alternatives for Lawrence is to calculate a targeted cash balance, using the Miller-Or model, while seeking potential suppliers that will accommodate the firm’s policy needs. Though Mayo is responsible for the majority of sales for the firm, without a more conservative policy, payables will surely continue to be restrained. Honeywell, â€Å"continues to manage its businesses to maximize operating cash flows as the primary source of liquidity† as Dell does (Honeywell 2007 Annual Report, Liquidity and Capital Resources). Additionally, the firm is not solely dependent on one or two suppliers. Honeywell chooses to use long-term price agreements for raw materials, and claims minimal concern for the supply of raw materials. With the possibility that Lawrence may lose a vendor, (as a reaction to granting Mayo the right to delay receivables payments) lower cost may be achieved by outsourcing. If dependence on Mayo is the choice, then the firm should investigate how International suppliers will be able to help the firm maintain the liberal credit policy. In this case, Lawrence will need to consult foreign currency experts. Coca-Cola has to deal foreign currency fluctuations, and uses derivatives to reduce economic exposure. The firm â€Å"enters into forward exchange contracts and purchases currency options (principally Euro, Japanese Yen, and dollars to hedge certain portions of forecasted cash flows denominated in foreign currencies† (Coca-Cola 2007 Annual Report, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk). Discussion on forward contracts is included in the risk mitigation section of this paper. If outsourcing is management’s decision, then a plan must be designed to deal with foreign currency fluctuations. Analysis of Alternative Solutions Lawrence Sports will be able to correct the cash flow problem with a conservative credit policy. This alternative receives the highest rating because, without balanced receipts and disbursements, optimal trade off choices will not exist. When the CEO realizes that the liberal credit policy is a hindrance, the path to liquidity will surface. The second alternative to expand the supplier base is also important, however, not as critical as the credit policy implementation. As relations improve within the supply chain, Lawrence will find more time to consider new supplier options. The final alternative is a contingency plan for the loss of a vendor. When Murray and Gartner begin to receive reliable payments, outsourcing options can be considered as a cost advantage strategy. Risk Assessment and Mitigation Deciding to implement a new credit policy is the best way to ensure sustainability. Mayo’s response will hopefully be accepting. If not, a reliable mitigation plan must be in place. Factoring receivables will help ensure that Murray and Gartner are paid for raw materials. â€Å"Factoring refers to the sale of a firm’s accounts receivable to a financial institution known as a factor† (Ross et al., 2005). Instead of endangering the relationship with vendors, factoring will relieve the payables problem by relinquishing approximately 4% of the invoice amount to the factor. Considering the global reach of Mayo, factoring may be the viable solution for the short term. As mentioned in the benchmarking section of this paper, Coca-cola has found a way to use derivatives to hedge foreign currency fluctuations. If Murray and Gartner end the relationship with Lawrence Sports, and outsourcing becomes a cost saving alternative, the firm will turn to international suppliers for raw materials. Lawrence will have the choice of either entering into a bilateral forward contract with a commodity resource or using an exchange to establish forward prices. Depending on how well the Lawrence staff plans for the outsourcing agreement, the project could become very advantageous. Optimal Solution Three common elements for success in any company are strategy, financial and corporate governance. Lawrence Sports has a responsibility to initiate cash control to increase profitability in the supply chain system. This means that future competitive advantage will exist as the response to contracted policies and formalized cash management techniques. The following section is a justification of the optimal solution to help save Lawrence Sports. When the firm manufactures the raw materials and relies on a retailer, a tremendous obligation is created. The vendor offered credit to Lawrence, which then extended credit to Mayo. An inability to pay for accounts receivables in the supply chain has endangered every link in the process. Therefore, the goal is to make sure that a fresh policy is implemented to improve the average collection period. Sustainability will rely upon this. The example from Dell Computers earlier is a good example of how to deal with receivables. Collecting before disbursements will ensure that bills will be paid. Ongoing cycles of successful net working capital outcomes will begin to change the inertia of the firm. Ultimately this process will increase value within the supply chain system, while allowing Lawrence to focus more on strategic goals. The ability to change an organization is relative to which activities require the most attention. If Lawrence is inundated with cash management issues, the time is always limited by functional dilemmas. For example, if a human does not have enough food, they cannot think about progress. This is similar to the premise of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. When cash flows are created and established properly, net worth can increase. A decision to grant credit to Mayo is not as much of an issue due to the 3,000 stores and international reach. The economies of scale should not be the deciding factor. Mayo will stay in business, even if it means liquidity problems for manufacturers. Therefore, with the new guidelines to deal with receipts/disbursements, Lawrence will survive the next time Mayo (or any other retailer) decides to stretch payments. Focusing on an optimal credit relationship is essential. â€Å"At the optimal amount of credit, the incremental cash flows from increased sales are exactly equal to the carrying costs from the increase in accounts receivable† (Ross et al., 2005). Unless a major disagreement happens with the vendors, an outsoucing of raw materials does not to be considered. Educating the company’s change agents to act according to the strategic plan might avoid this situation. Using financial data to calculate the targeted cash balance will happen as a result of efficient cash flow balancing. Essentials of proper management include the marriage of efficiency and strategy. When short term financial decision making becomes the emphasis for value creation, Lawrence will have less difficulty dealing with liquidity. The fundamentals of converting raw materials into cash are the primary puzzle, because unsynchronized cash cycles have damaged the firm. A realistic credit policy leads to gap minimization of cash flows and the potential to expand or invest. Proper management of operations will help Lawrence turn a time of despair into one of profitability. â€Å"The need for short term decision making is suggested by the gap between cash inflows and outflows† (Ross et al., 2005). Borrowing money from the bank is not an option for Lawrence. Zero liquidity reserve is available, and cash flows are uncertain. The only solution is the overhaul the credit policy. As fore mentioned, a factoring company will have to be used to survive the short term cash dilemma. Implementation Plan Implementing the new trade credit policy and cash management process will happen according to the following guidelines. After deciding on agreeable terms of sale with Mayo, management will outline the next profitable horizon. Future retailers will be bound by a policy contract that includes the terms of sale, credit analysis and a collection policy. The credit team should have the new policy terms established within one week. This will be negotiated with Mayo, considering the need of immediate action. When the trade credit guidelines are set, the finance team will be able to calculate the targeted cash balance, which should be assessed every two weeks. From this, the capital management outlay will be created. After the policy and cash flow plan is established, management can then begin investigating alternative retailers and suppliers. Evaluation of Results Part of project implementation is guaranteeing a way to measure results. Unfortunately, Lawrence must design a new policy immediately. â€Å"Change occurs, as it must, but it does so in an atmosphere of crisis and confusion. Substantial loss may result before the needed design is complete† (Pyzdek, 2003). Lawrence Sports does not have the flexibility of Dell, Honeywell and Coca-cola. Therefore, management will be advised to enroll in online Six Sigma courses, as well instructed to immediately update techniques for financial/operational analysis. The evaluation schedule is as follows. Credit policy reviews will happen once a month, supplier payables correspondence on a weekly basis, operations will be assessed daily, financial investments analysis reports will occur and retailer analysis memos will be delivered bi-weekly. Conclusion â€Å"Focus comes from two perspectives: down from the top-level goals and up from problems and opportunities† (Pyzdek, 2003). Lawrence Sports will be able to leverage professional policy terms into positive net worth. The past uncertainties can be used as an historical example on the importance of cash flow responsibility. Future reports will include successful cash balances and new growth opportunities. Table 1 Issue and Opportunity Identification Issue Opportunity Reference to Specific Course Concept (Include citation) Concept Lawrence needs to establish a better control over the credit policy to enable the possibility of closing the gap between cash inflows and outflows. This is the only way to create working capital. With all due respect to Mayo, this is the time for Lawrence Sports to prepare for a bright future in sporting goods manufacturing. â€Å"At the optimal amount of credit, the incremental cash flows from increased sales are exactly equal to the carrying costs from the increase in accounts receivable† (Ross et al., 2005). Optimal Credit Policy Balancing cash flows between receivables and payables is causing financial and professional distress to Lawrence. After the new credit policy is created, Lawrence will have to seek new retailers and calculate the expected profit formula to make credit decisions. Mayo is still the main retailer, because the firm is a large volume customer. â€Å"In other words, you have fixed your terms of sale; you have decided on the contract that customers must sign; and you have established a procedure for estimating the probability that they will pay up† (Brealey et al., 2005) Expected Profit Formula and Credit Decisions Once the struggle between receivables and disbursements are solved for Lawrence Sports, a minimum cash balance will have to be established in order to accommodate uncertainties. Now is the time for Lawrence Sports to get control of asset liquidity, and re-assess the capital management infrastructure. For fluctuating cash flows, the Miller-Or model is preferred to calculating a target/minimum cash balance. â€Å"Most financial managers regard a planned cash balance of zero as driving too close to the edge of the cliff. They establish a minimum operating cash balance to absorb unexpected cash inflows and outflows† (Brealey et al., 2005). Target/Minimum Cash balance A short term financing predicament has occurred as a result of the Lawrence Sports liberal credit policy with Mayo. When the firm gets control of working capital (through new policies), excess cash management will need to be dealt with. A positive cash balance will begin to open doors of opportunity for Lawrence Sports. Eventually, earlier critical trade off decisions regarding credit will evolve into investment maximization. â€Å"†¦study focuses only on liquid assets (i.e., cash, and market securities), so that carrying costs are the opportunity costs of holding liquid assets and shortage costs are the risks of not having cash when investment opportunities are good†(Ross et al., 2005). Improved Cash Management Trade Off Decisions The current capital conflict is keeping Lawrence Sports from establishing a sustainable cash balance. With the bank limit at $1.2 million already, the firm should assess the possibility of new retailers or vendors. If this is the case, International companies will be considered options as well. An improved credit policy and cash positioning team will potentially find a new retailer or vendors (depending on the relationship with Mayo). If a change occurs that involves International companies, hedging techniques will be used. â€Å"For many firm’s the wide fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates have become at least as important as a source of risk as changes in commodity prices. Financial futures are similar to commodity futures, but instead†¦you place an order to buy or sell a financial asset at a future date† (Brealey et al., 2005). Futures Hedging Table 2 Stakeholder Perspectives Stakeholder Perspectives Stakeholder Groups The Interests, Rights, and Values of Each Group Suppliers Murray and Gartner have the right to be paid for the raw materials supplied to Lawrence Sports. The present credit policy is pressuring the business relationship. Retailer Mayo has to delay payment to Lawrence sports until the week of 4/14 to 4/20. A new credit policy will have to be put into effect, which must be respectfully communicated. Employees Implementing new policies and cash management techniques will affect the career paths of all employees. When Lawrence re-designs the organizational credit/finance infrastructure, the employees will be able to function more comfortably. Table 3 Risk Assessment and Mitigation Techniques Risk Assessment and Mitigation Techniques Alternative Solution Risks and Probability Consequence and Severity Mitigation Techniques New Credit Policy (Dell) High Medium Communicate the necessity of the credit policy (respectfully). New Suppliers/ Target Cash Balance (Honeywell) Low Low The minimum cash balance is a part of the new Lawrence plan to increase liquidity. Credit policy is the risk mitigation technique. Outsourcing (Coca-cola) High High Hedging techniques can be used to avoid currency fluctuations. Table 4 Optimal Solution Implementation Plan Deliverable Timeline Who is Responsible Decide on Credit Terms 1 week Credit Team Implement Credit Policy 2 weeks Management Determine Target Cash Balance Bi-weekly Finance Team Outline Capital Management 1 week Finance Team Delegation of Duties 1 week Management Re-assess policies 2 months Financial Analyst Team Investigate Retailer Alternatives 2 weeks Domestic/International Table 5 Evaluation of Results End-State Goals Metrics Target Balanced Cash Flows Credit policy reviews One per month Collected Receivables Before Payables Supplier payables correspondence Weekly conference calls Perfect orders Management assessments Daily (operations) Investments Finance reviews Weekly Retailer flexibility Management research and analysis Bi-weekly analysis References Brealey, Richard A., Myers, Stewart C., Allen, Franklin., (2005) Principals of Corporate Finance, The Mc Graw-Hill Companies, New York. Coca-Cola Company Annual Report 2007, Foreign Currency Hedging to Protect the Competitive Position. Retrieved November 24, 2008 from the World Wide Web: thecoca-colacompany.com/investors/annual_other_reports.html Honeywell 2007 annual report, Retrieved from the World Wide Web December 29, 2008 http://library.corporateir.net/library/94/947/94774/items/282921/HON07AR1.pdf Keeir, Dan. Peetz, Karen. (Nov. 2002) Cash Management Takes Center Stage. New York. Vol. 16, Iss. 11; pg. 48, 5 pgs. Pyzdek, Thomas. (2003) The Six Sigma Handbook. McGraw-Hill Companies. New York. References Ross, S.A., Westerfield, R.W., Jaffe, J. (2005). Corporate Finance, 7e. Ch. 2: Accounting Statements and Cash Flow. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. The McGraw Hill Companies. Retrieved November 8, 2008, from the University of Phoenix, rEsource Web site: https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary, MBA/540 – Maximizing Shareholder Wealth. Whole Foods-Credit Risk Management Retrieved from the World Wide Web on December 29, 2008 wholefoodsmarket.com/company/pdfs/ar07.pdf Research Papers on Lawrence Sports, Capital Management Analysis and Methodology OverhaulIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalLifes What IfsThe Project Managment Office SystemRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanTwilight of the UAWDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL analysis of India

An Empirical Investigation of the Corporate Culture-Financial Article

An Empirical Investigation of the Corporate Culture-Financial Performance Relationship in Multinational Corporations - Article Example Webster's Dictionary defines corporate culture as "the shared values, traditions, customers, philosophy, and policies of a corporation; also, the professional atmosphere that grows from this and affects behavior and performance." In essence, "corporate culture is the personality of your organization. It's the way your company does business and how it conducts itself. It's employees' beliefs and expectations of work." (Ceridian, 2005). Corporate culture and the cultural statements that it engenders then become the modus operandi for corporate members when the executives' voice and document the values of the corporation to provide models for how corporate members should behave (1000ventures). There are various numbers of definitions available regarding corporate culture. Various academic scholars and authors have defined it in different ways. Despite having differences in definitions many would agree on one thing that corporate culture can be referred to as a set of values, beliefs, and behavior patterns that form the core identity of the organization, and help shape the employees' behavior ( Rashid et al, 2003). According to Tichy et al ( 1982), corporate culture is a directive glue where the appropriate questions to ask concern the values and beliefs that are needed to support the corporate strategy, the subcultures that might also contribute to this goal and whether or not there should be an umbrella corporate culture as well. As an extension of the foregoing, another question is also on the role of the human resources department in shaping and molding the corporate culture. Corporate culture can also be interpreted as collective mental programming that binds the organization together through shared values, which ensure that employees are committed to their nominated responsibilities which can lead to achieving organizational goals together ( Hofstede, 1980). Much of what has been written on the definition of corporate culture proceeds by comparison of one type with another. Culture is by definition a varied and variable subject. There is no overall cultural norm in the world, nor any cultural "mean" or average that can be usefully applied. By comparison with the financial sections of corporate annual reports that allow average revenue, profitability, investment and so on to be calculated precisely (which is not necessarily the same as meaningfully), corporate culture requires a different tack (Hofstede, 1980). Having said that culture is defined by comparison, rather than any intrinsic and absolute qualities, corporate culture does display a difference in how it acquires shape and form. Within the corporate environment, culture is strongly influenced by the corporate leaders who are natural role models for other employees. The qualities of a leader in his opinion are forged by experience, trial and error, and practical application. The more a leader has been exposed to these aspects, the stronger the leadership becomes and the more influence the leader exerts on the corporate culture of the company concerned (Mintzberg, 1989).

Discuss one or two results of the appearance of the British Research Paper

Discuss one or two results of the appearance of the British Petroleum's oil spill in the gulf in the cultural consciousness - Research Paper Example As a response, many communities along the cost have organized benefits to attempt to ease stressors the catastrophe has caused. One particularly successful event included a show by Jimmy Buffett (Reeves). Daily reports obviate one stark fact however. If all of the engineers and scientists cannot fix the problem, what help can anything I do be The results of the BP oil spill are felt in our cultural consciousness at the level of our political dialogue. During the Bush administration we became so used to the fact that government and the petroleum industry were inextricably linked, we have had to make conscious effort to remind ourselves that the current administration does not have such strong ties. It is literally not Obama's oil spill (Varadarajan). This is one way in which the political dialogue has felt the impact of the BP oil spill on our cultural consciousness. The results of the BP oil spill are felt in our cultural consciousness at the level on environmental concern. Protests around the globe attest to the fervor of our renewed sense of environmental concern. Recently, it has been strikingly noted as a cultural conscious during a protest at the British Museum ("Oil slick protest at British Museum"). It seems that on some level people are making the connection between the man-made disaster and the cultural imperatives that drive us to them. The results of